C3G and IC-MPGN can be difficult to diagnose because they are so rare and their symptoms are vague and nonspecific. A kidney biopsy is considered the gold standard and usually needed to confirm the ...
Levels of C4d and C4d/C4 associate with clinical and histopathological treatment response in proliferative lupus nephritis. Complement activation markers, particularly C4d and the C4d/C4 ratio, are ...