Look at any map of Europe from the Middle Ages or the early modern era, before the Industrial Revolution, and you will be overwhelmed by its dizzying incoherence—all of those empires, kingdoms, ...

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From France’s quiet cobblestone gems to Spain’s timeless bridges and Poland’s untouched red-brick streets, Europe is full of medieval towns that feel like stepping back centuries. These destinations, ...

Earthquakes were a cause of devastation in medieval Europe. The 1117 earthquake in northern Italy hit what was possibly the most densely populated area in Europe at the time. An earthquake in 1456 in ...